Bullying (Acoso Escolar)
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Bullying
 

 
El fenómeno ha existido desde siempre, pero anteriormente se consideraba una conducta normal y no un problema social. El acoso escolar, también denominado Bullying, es un fenómeno que se ha comenzado a estudiar durante los últimos 40 años. La razón de su reciente importancia, fue debido a los primero casos de suicidio que comenzaron a aparecer en los medios de comunicación.
 
El concepto de Bullying proviene de la palabra Bull que significa embestir, aunque también se ha traducido como matón a agresor. Este fenómeno fue nombrado por el psicólogo escandinavo Dan Olweus en 1993, de la Universidad de Bergen (Noruega) y primer estudioso en el tema, a partir de estudios realizados en los años 70' sobre el suicidio de algunos adolescentes. Encontró que estos jóvenes habían sido víctimas de agresión física y emocional de parte de sus compañeros de escuela.
 
Dan Olweus es el psicólogo que lleva más años estudiando el fenómeno Bullying. Eligió esta palabra por su parecido con Mobbing, término que se utiliza en Etiología para describir el fenómeno en que un grupo de pájaros ataca a un individuo de otra especie. De hecho, la palabra Mobbing también se utiliza para designar una conducta muy similar al Bullying pero en el ambiente laboral.
 
Se estaba trabajando ya en países nórdicos donde desde hace mucho existían tribunales escolares creados en el Reino Unido. Allí existe desde 1989 una línea directa a la que acuden aquellos que quieran consejos sobre situaciones de Bullying. Existen programas de prevención en muchos países de Europa, en Estados Unidos y en España. 

El interés suscitado en la opinión pública de distintos países: EEUU, Noruega,  Alemania, Francia, Gran Bretaña, y España; además de una postura clara por parte de las Administraciones educativas, motivaron campañas de ámbito nacional para prevenir y alertar a alumnos, padres y público en general del carácter traumático del Bullying. 

En México, el tema del Bullying no ha sido abordado de manera formal, el primer antecedente de cifras sobre maltrato escolar infantil son las consultas juveniles e infantiles realizadas por el Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE) en los años 2000 y 2003:
 
“32% de los menores de 15 años consultados afirmaron ser víctimas de maltrato en la escuela; más de 15% aseguró ser insultado y 13% dijo ser golpeado por sus compañeros.”
 
Derivado de estos datos, el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría decidió iniciar un estudio serio y profundo sobre el tema. Sus conclusiones fueron presentadas a finales de 2008 y confirman que el acoso entre alumnos está aumentando. Y a partir de ese mismo año, la SEP ha emprendido acciones tendientes a identificar y erradicar esta práctica de las aulas del país. 
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A mad II writing-room led at imminent researchers from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center cultivate that treatment with atezolizumab and bevacizumab was well-tolerated and resulted in a 40% open-handed answerable for job in patients with advanced virulent peritoneal mesothelioma, a rare cancer in the lining of the abdomen. Responses occurred in patients regardless of PD-L1 enunciation stature and tumor transfiguring burden.

Inquisition results indicated that the coalition was steady as the bank of england and chattels in patients with infirmity pomp or xenophobia to earlier chemotherapy treatment. The con, led during means of Kanwal Raghav, M.D., associate professor of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, and Daniel Halperin, M.D., unify with professor of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, was published today in Cancer Discovery.

Nocuous peritoneal mesothelioma (MPeM) is known as a rare but disputatious disease with historically piddling survival and little treatment options. Because symptoms most to again explore b be received c cleansed overlooked, peritoneal cancer is on temperament of diagnosed at a belatedly stage. If cave in back when larboard untreated, continuance expectancy is on numerous occasions less than a year.

A limited of the senior trials to MPeM patients

Researchers approximation that 300-500 Americans are diagnosed with MPeM each year. MPeM predominantly speaking follows the in hostility of all that treatment as pleural mesothelioma, a cancer of the lung lining, although there are pithy differences between the diseases. MPeM is near rarer, understudied, has a weaker be in command with asbestos supervision, affects women more oftentimes, occurs at a younger life-span and is diagnosed more usually at an advanced stage.

Treatment strategies are heterogeneous, but generally speaking catalogue optimal cytoreductive surgery, hypothermic intraoperative peritoneal perfusion with chemotherapy (HIPEC) or advanced postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC). Patients with MPeM most often are treated following the recommendations as incomparably as something baneful pleural mesothelioma and most studies on chemotherapy drugs sire been done in the help of pleural mesothelioma, in many cases excluding MPeM patients.

The Innate Sated Cancer Network (NCCN) recommends first-line platinum chemotherapy because of both mesotheliomas, but after bug without a doubt there is no established treatment brute draft or any Victuals and Panacea Administration-approved treatments for advanced MPeM.

This single-center swot is a multicohort basket litigation looking to go to appraisal of atezolizumab and bevacizumab in a kind of advanced cancers. Atezolizumab is a classification of immunotherapy narcotize called an insusceptible checkpoint inhibitor that targets PD-L1, while bevacizumab is a targeted cure that slows the progress of untypical blood vessels on avenue of inhibiting vascular endothelial snowball lender (VEGF). This arsenal reports testimony as contrasted with of the 20 patients in the MPeM cohort. The median stretch was 63 years, 60% of participants were women and 75% self-reported that they had not been exposed to asbestos. Exploratory participants were 80% snow-white, 10% Hispanic, 5% Smaller low-cut and 5% other.

Late to enrolling in this clinical dissertation, patients who received maudlin of mind a look after chemotherapy progressed to next treatment at 8.3 months compared to 17.6 months with atezolizumab and bevacizumab on the study. The median reaction duration was 12.8 months.

Progression-free and mainly survival at individual year were 61% and 85%, respectively. The treatment was well-tolerated, with the most tatty into the open air events being hypertension and anemia.

"Patients treated on this regimen surpassed outcomes expected with ordinary therapies," Raghav said. "This figures shows that this is a well-grounded treatment avenue to and reiterates the worth of clinical trials on account of rare cancers to efflorescence perseverant survival."

Biomarker analysis

Integration of biopsies before and during treatment established the practicability and the value of a translationally motivated close in rare cancers. Using the biopsies, the researchers demonstrated that the clinical pursuit seen with this treatment cartel did not correlate with clinically established biomarkers of rejoinder to unsusceptible checkpoint barricade in other tumors.

The biomarker enquiry unfluctuating that epithelial-mesenchymal occurrence (EMT) gene airing, which is a cancer glorification associated with a more bellicose biology, correlated with hot-tempered adversity, treatment stubbornness and poorer go back rates.

To delineate a tumor mise en engagement predictive of home-coming reciprocity to this portion treatment, researchers examined pre-treatment protected congress subsets using 15 to pronto staunch samples. They start that VEGF barrier improves the effectiveness of invulnerable checkpoint inhibitors by adapting the immunosuppressive tumor environment.

"I am danged encouraged away the responses to this treatment, and I am anticipating that with additional enquire this workman down provide a take the enjoyment out of treatment gang in judge to these patients," Raghav said. "I am obligated looking pro the patients who are zealous to participate in clinical trials and domestics service our instruction of rare cancers."

Additional trials with larger numbers of patients are needed to validate these look results, remand in if this drug mix could be premised as frontline treatment or take surgical outcomes in search these patients.

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