Bullying (Acoso Escolar)
Lo más atroz de las cosas malas de la gente mala es el silencio de la gente buena
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Bullying
El fenómeno ha existido desde siempre, pero anteriormente se consideraba una conducta normal y no un problema social. El acoso escolar, también denominado Bullying, es un fenómeno que se ha comenzado a estudiar durante los últimos 40 años. La razón de su reciente importancia, fue debido a los primero casos de suicidio que comenzaron a aparecer en los medios de comunicación.
El concepto de Bullying proviene de la palabra Bull que significa embestir, aunque también se ha traducido como matón a agresor. Este fenómeno fue nombrado por el psicólogo escandinavo Dan Olweus en 1993, de la Universidad de Bergen (Noruega) y primer estudioso en el tema, a partir de estudios realizados en los años 70' sobre el suicidio de algunos adolescentes. Encontró que estos jóvenes habían sido víctimas de agresión física y emocional de parte de sus compañeros de escuela.
Dan Olweus es el psicólogo que lleva más años estudiando el fenómeno Bullying. Eligió esta palabra por su parecido con Mobbing, término que se utiliza en Etiología para describir el fenómeno en que un grupo de pájaros ataca a un individuo de otra especie. De hecho, la palabra Mobbing también se utiliza para designar una conducta muy similar al Bullying pero en el ambiente laboral.
Se estaba trabajando ya en países nórdicos donde desde hace mucho existían tribunales escolares creados en el Reino Unido. Allí existe desde 1989 una línea directa a la que acuden aquellos que quieran consejos sobre situaciones de Bullying. Existen programas de prevención en muchos países de Europa, en Estados Unidos y en España.
El interés suscitado en la opinión pública de distintos países: EEUU, Noruega, Alemania, Francia, Gran Bretaña, y España; además de una postura clara por parte de las Administraciones educativas, motivaron campañas de ámbito nacional para prevenir y alertar a alumnos, padres y público en general del carácter traumático del Bullying.
En México, el tema del Bullying no ha sido abordado de manera formal, el primer antecedente de cifras sobre maltrato escolar infantil son las consultas juveniles e infantiles realizadas por el Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE) en los años 2000 y 2003:
“32% de los menores de 15 años consultados afirmaron ser víctimas de maltrato en la escuela; más de 15% aseguró ser insultado y 13% dijo ser golpeado por sus compañeros.”
Derivado de estos datos, el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría decidió iniciar un estudio serio y profundo sobre el tema. Sus conclusiones fueron presentadas a finales de 2008 y confirman que el acoso entre alumnos está aumentando. Y a partir de ese mismo año, la SEP ha emprendido acciones tendientes a identificar y erradicar esta práctica de las aulas del país.
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